Ponganis, P. J., Williams, C. L., & Scadeng, M. (2025). Respiratory anatomy and physiology in diving penguins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 380(1920), 20230422. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0422

Cooley, L. A., Hindle, A. G., Williams, C. L., Ponganis, P. J., Hannah, S. M., Klinck, H., Horning, M., Costa, D. P., Holser, R. R., Crocker, D. E., & McDonald, B. I. (2025). Physiological effects of research handling on the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 299, 111771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111771

Ainley, D. G., Morandini, V., Salas, L., Nur, N., Rotella, J., Barton, K., Lyver, P. O., Goetz, K. T., Larue, M., Foster-Dyer, R., Parkinson, C. L., Arrigo, K. R., Van Dijken, G., Beltran, R. S., Kim, S., Brooks, C., Kooyman, G., Ponganis, P. J., Shanhun, F., & Anderson, D. P. (2024). Response of indicator species to changes in food web and ocean dynamics of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102024000191

Brown, C. V., McKnight, J. C., Bain, A. R., Tremblay, J. C., Patrician, A., McDonald, B. I., Williams, C. L., Hindle, A. G., Pallin, L. J., Costa, D. P., Dujic, Z., Macleod, D. B., Williams, T. M., Ponganis, P. J., & Ainslie, P. N. (2024). Selected and shared hematological responses to apnea in elite human free divers and northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ). American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 327(1), R46–R53. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00286.2023

Ponganis, P. J., Williams, C. L., & Kendall-Bar, J. M. (2024). Blood oxygen transport and depletion in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 227(6), jeb246832. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.246832

LaRue, M., Iles, D., Labrousse, S., Fretwell, P., Ortega, D., Devane, E., Horstmann, I., Viollat, L., Foster-Dyer, R., Le Bohec, C., Zitterbart, D., Houstin, A., Richter, S., Winterl, A., Wienecke, B., Salas, L., Nixon, M., Barbraud, C., Kooyman, G., … Jenouvrier, S. (2024). Advances in remote sensing of emperor penguins: first multi-year time series documenting trends in the global population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 291(2018), 20232067. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2067

Pearson, A. B., Hückstädt, L. A., Kinsey, S. T., Schmitt, T. L., Robeck, T. R., St. Leger, J., Ponganis, P. J., & Tift, M. S. (2024). Relationship between red blood cell lifespan and endogenous carbon monoxide in the common bottlenose dolphin and beluga. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 326(2), R134–R146. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00172.2023

Cole, M. R., Ware, C., McHuron, E. A., Costa, D. P., Ponganis, P. J., & McDonald, B. I. (2023). Deep dives and high tissue density increase mean dive costs in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ). Journal of Experimental Biology, 226(14), jeb246059. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.246059

Czapanskiy, M. F., Ponganis, P. J., Fahlbusch, J. A., Schmitt, T. L., & Goldbogen, J. A. (2022). An accelerometer-derived ballistocardiogram method for detecting heart rate in free-ranging marine mammals. Journal of Experimental Biology, 225(10). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243872

Ponganis, P. J., Fujise, Y., & Miyazaki, N. (2022). Morphology and physiology in some small pelagic cetaceans: Is Dall’s porpoise a deep diver and a thoroughbred of the sea? Marine Mammal Science, 28. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12932

Ponganis, P. J. J. (2021). A Physio-Logging Journey: Heart Rates of the Emperor Penguin and Blue Whale. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.721381

Williams, C. L., & Ponganis, P. J. (2021). Diving physiology of marine mammals and birds: the development of biologging techniques. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 376(1830). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0211

Williams, C. L., Czapanskiy, M. F., John, J. S., St Leger, J., Scadeng, M., & Ponganis, P. J. (2021). Cervical air sac oxygen profiles in diving emperor penguins: parabronchial ventilation and the respiratory oxygen store. Journal of Experimental Biology, 224(1). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.230219

Kooyman, G. L., Goetz, K., Williams, C. L., Ponganis, P. J., Sato, K., Eckert, S., Horning, M., Thorson, R. T., & Van Dam, R. R. (2020). Crary bank: a deep foraging habitat for emperor penguins in the western Ross Sea. Polar Biology, 43(7), 801–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02686-3

Kooyman, G. L., McDonald, B. I., Williams, C. L., Meir, J. U., & Ponganis, P. J. (2020). The aerobic dive limit: After 40 years, still rarely measured but commonly used. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110841

Goldbogen, J. A., Cade, D. E., Calambokidis, J., Czapanskiy, M. F., Fahlbusch, J., Friedlaender, A. S., Gough, W. T., Kahane-Rapport, S. R., Savoca, M. S., Ponganis, K. V., & Ponganis, P. J. (2019). Extreme bradycardia and tachycardia in the world’s largest animal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(50), 25329–25332. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914273116

Ponganis, P. J. (2019). State of the art review: from the seaside to the bedside: insights from comparative diving physiology into respiratory, sleep and critical care. Thorax, 74(5), 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212136

Williams, C. L., Sato, K., & Ponganis, P. J. (2019). Activity, not submergence, explains diving heart rates of captive loggerhead sea turtles. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222(8). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200824

Tift, M. S., Huckstadt, L. A., & Ponganis, P. J. (2018). Anterior vena caval oxygen profiles in a deep-diving California sea lion: arteriovenous shunts, a central venous oxygen store and oxygenation during lung collapse. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(1). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.163428

Ponganis, P. J., McDonald, B. I., Tift, M. S., Gonzalez, S. C., DaValle, B., Gliniecki, R. A., Stehman, C. C., Hauff, N., Ruddick, B., & Howard, R. (2017). Effects of inhalational anesthesia on blood gases and pH in California sea lions. Marine Mammal Science, 33(3), 726–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12388

Kooyman, G. L., & Ponganis, P. J. (2017). Rise and fall of Ross Sea emperor penguin colony populations: 2000 to 2012. Antarctic Science, 29(3), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000559

Ponganis, P. J., McDonald, B. I., Tift, M. S., & Williams, C. L. (2017). Heart rate regulation in diving sea lions: the vagus nerve rules. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(8), 1372–1381. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.146779

Tift, M. S., Huckstadt, L. A., McDonald, B. I., Thorson, P. H., & Ponganis, P. J. (2017). Flipper stroke rate and venous oxygen levels in free-ranging California sea lions. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(8), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.152314

Cristofari, R., Bertorelle, G., Ancel, A., Benazzo, A., Le Maho, Y., Ponganis, P. J., Stenseth, N. C., Trathan, P. N., Whittington, J. D., Zanetti, E., Zitterbart, D. P., Le Bohec, C., & Trucchi, E. (2016). Full circumpolar migration ensures evolutionary unity in the Emperor penguin. Nature Communications, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11842

Ponganis, P. J., St Leger, J., & Scadeng, M. (2015). Penguin lungs and air sacs: implications for baroprotection, oxygen stores and buoyancy. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(5), 720–730. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.113647

McDonald, B. I., & Ponganis, P. J. (2014). Deep-diving sea lions exhibit extreme bradycardia in long-duration dives. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217(9), 1525–1534. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.098558

Tift, M. S., Ponganis, P. J., & Crocker, D. E. (2014). Elevated carboxyhemoglobin in a marine mammal, the northern elephant seal. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217(10), 1752–1757. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.100677

Kooyman, G. L., & Ponganis, P. J. (2014). Chick production at the largest emperor penguin colony decreases by 50% from 2008-10. Antarctic Science, 26(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000515

Wright, A. K., Ponganis, K. V., McDonald, B. I., & Ponganis, P. J. (2014). Heart rates of emperor penguins diving at sea: implications for oxygen store management. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 496, 85–98. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10592

Meir, J. U., Robinson, P. W., Vilchis, L. I., Kooyman, G. L., Costa, D. P., & Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Blood oxygen depletion is independent of dive function in a deep diving vertebrate, the northern elephant seal. PLOS ONE, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083248

McDonald, B. I., & Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Insights from venous oxygen profiles: oxygen utilization and management in diving California sea lions. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(17), 3332–3341. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.085985

McDonald, B. I., & Ponganis, P. J. (2012). Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen. Biology Letters, 8(6), 1047–1049. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0743

Watanabe, S., Sato, K., & Ponganis, P. J. (2012). Activity time budget during foraging trips of emperor penguins. PLOS ONE, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050357

Williams, C. L., Sato, K., Shiomi, K., & Ponganis, P. J. (2012). Muscle energy stores and stroke rates of emperor penguins: implications for muscle metabolism and dive performance. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 85(2), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1086/664698

Shiomi, K., Sato, K., & Ponganis, P. J. (2012). Point of no return in diving emperor penguins: is the timing of the decision to return limited by the number of strokes? Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(1), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.064568

Ponganis, P. J., Meir, J. U., & Williams, C. L. (2011). In pursuit of Irving and Scholander: a review of oxygen store management in seals and penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(20), 3325–3339. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.031252

Sato, K., Shiomi, K., Marshall, G., Kooyman, G. L., & Ponganis, P. J. (2011). Stroke rates and diving air volumes of emperor penguins: implications for dive performance. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(17), 2854–2863. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.055723

Williams, C. L., Meir, J. U., & Ponganis, P. J. (2011). What triggers the aerobic dive limit? Patterns of muscle oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(11), 1802–1812. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.052233

Ponganis, P. J. (2011). Diving Mammals. Comprehensive Physiology, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c091003

Blight, L. K., Ainley, D. G., Ackley, S. F., Ballard, G., Ballerini, T., Brownell, R. L., Cheng, C. H. C., Chiantore, M., Costa, D., Coulter, M. C., Dayton, P., Devries, A. L., Dunbar, R., Earle, S., Eastman, J. T., Emslie, S. D., Evans, C. W., Garrott, R. A., Kim, S., … Woehler, E. J. (2010). Fishing for data in the Ross Sea. Science, 330(6009), 1316–1316. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.330.6009.1316

Meir, J. U., & Ponganis, P. J. (2010). Blood temperature profiles of diving elephant seals. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 83(3), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1086/651070

Ponganis, P. J., Welch, T. J., Welch, L. S., & Stockard, T. K. (2010). Myoglobin production in emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(11), 1901–1906. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.042093

Zenteno-Savin, T., Leger, J. S., & Ponganis, P. J. (2010). Hypoxemic and ischemic tolerance in emperor penguins. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology, 152(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.007

Sato, K., Shiomi, K., Watanabe, Y., Watanuki, Y., Takahashi, A., & Ponganis, P. J. (2010). Scaling of swim speed and stroke frequency in geometrically similar penguins: they swim optimally to minimize cost of transport. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 277(1682), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1515

Houser, D. S., Dankiewicz-Talmadge, L. A., Stockard, T. K., & Ponganis, P. J. (2010). Investigation of the potential for vascular bubble formation in a repetitively diving dolphin. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.028365

Ponganis, P. J., Meir, J. U., & Williams, C. L. (2010). Oxygen store depletion and the aerobic dive limit in emperor penguins. Aquatic Biology, 8(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00216

Shiomi, K., Narazaki, T., Sato, K., Shimatani, K., Arai, N., Ponganis, P. J., & Miyazaki, N. (2010). Data-processing artefacts in three-dimensional dive path reconstruction from geomagnetic and acceleration data. Aquatic Biology, 8(3), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00239

Meir, J. U., & Ponganis, P. J. (2009). High-affinity hemoglobin and blood oxygen saturation in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(20), 3330–3338. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.033761

Meir, J. U., Champagne, C. D., Costa, D. P., Williams, C. L., & Ponganis, P. J. (2009). Extreme hypoxemic tolerance and blood oxygen depletion in diving elephant seals. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 297(4), R927–R939. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00247.2009

Ponganis, P. J., Stockard, T. K., Meir, J. U., Williams, C. L., Ponganis, K. V., & Howard, R. (2009). O-2 store management in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(2), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.026096